section epub:type=”index”>

Index

Note: Page numbers followed by “f” indicate figures, and “t” indicate tables.

Abrasive wear 476–477, 477f

Abundance of elements 19, 20t

Adhesive wear 475, 486

Ammonia tank

critical stress 263–264, 264f

fracture toughness 264

geometry of failure 262, 263f

material properties 262–263

pressure vessel 261–262, 262f

Amorphous polymers 73–74, 75f

Anelasticity 493

Anisotropy composites 89–90

Arrhenius’s law 367, 368f

Atomic level materials 49

Atom packing 49, 50f

in crystals See Crystals, atom packing

density of solids 76–78, 76–77t, 78f

in inorganic glasses 74–75, 75f

in polymers 73–74, 75f

Availability of materials 15

Bending moment 96–97

Bending of beams 97–98, 108–109

Biaxial tension 34, 35f

Bimetals

beam 508–510, 509f

snap-through bimetal disc 508–510, 510f

Bond-angle 50f

Bonding, atoms

atom packing 49, 50f

condensed states of matter 56, 57t

interatomic bonds 49, 50f

interatomic forces 57–58, 58f

primary bonds 49–55, 51–54f

secondary bonds 49, 55–56, 55–56f

Bond stiffness 83–86, 84f, 85t

Boundary lubrication 474, 475f

Brazing 426–429

Brittle cracking 234, 235f, 238

Brittle materials

alloys 237–238

design strength 248

failure probability 248–249

modulus of rupture 254–257, 255f

statistics of strength 248–249, 249–250f

strength of ceramic 252–253

survival probability 250, 253

tensile strength 248

Weibull distribution 250–252, 250f

Buckling 512

Buckling of beams 99–100, 112–113

Bulk diffusion 376, 382

Bulk modulus 38

Burgers vector 160–161

Carbon emissions 531–532

Carbon-fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) 5, 88, 117–118

Car design

aluminum alloys 539, 540f, 541

carbon emissions 531–532

compression molding 539–540, 541f

energy 531

energy economy 532, 532t, 533f

GFRP 539–541, 540–541f

high-strength steel 539, 541

material content 533, 534f, 534t

primary mechanical properties 533–537

secondary properties 537–539

Challenger space shuttle disaster

circumstances 122–123

hoop strain 125, 129

hoop stress 129

joint rotation 125, 126f

O ring 125–128, 126f

party balloon and rubber band 125, 127f

Poisson’s ratio 129

solid rocket booster casing joint 123–125, 124f, 128–129

Close-packed hexagonal structures 65, 66f, 68, 68f, 70–71

Close-packed plane 64

Coefficient of kinetic friction 470, 470f

Coefficient of static friction 470, 470f, 473f, 474

Comet air disasters 325–331

Composites

fast fracture 236–237, 236–237f

modulus 87–90

thermal expansion 508, 509f

Compression 34, 35f, 139

Compression molding 539–540, 541f

Concentration gradient 515

Condensed states of matter 56, 57t

Continuous welded railroad track 510–512, 511f

Corrosion design error 458–459

Covalent bonding 52–54, 53–54f

Crack-growth rate 288

Crack propagation 271

cleavage 234–236, 235f

ductile tearing 232–234, 232–233f

Creep 538

ceramics 382–387

damage 360–361, 360f, 400

fracture 360–361, 385–386

Creep-resistant materials 361

Creep-rupture diagram 361, 361f

Crystal energies 64–66

Crystallography 66–68

Crystals

atom packing

body-centered cubic structure 71, 71f

close-packed structures and crystal energies 64–66, 65–66f

direction indices 69–70, 70f

grain boundaries 63–64

hard spheres 63–64

nondirectional bonding 63–64

plane indices 68, 69f

three-dimensional packing pattern 64

bond stiffness 83–86, 84f, 85t

dislocation of See Dislocations

strength 157–158, 158–159f

Debonding 236–237

Defect-sensitive materials 247

Deformation mechanism diagrams 385

Density of solids 76–78, 76–77t, 78f

Diffusional flow 386–387

Diffusion coefficients 374, 515

Diffusion creep 384

Dilatation 36

Directional covalent bonding 53–54, 54f

Direction indices 69–70, 70f

Dislocation-core diffusion 376–377, 377f

Dislocations

creep 382–383

edge dislocation 159–161, 160f, 162–163f

electron microscope, stainless steel 161, 165f

force acting 162–165, 166f

glide on crystallographic planes 166

line tension 166, 166f

motion 160–161

plastic strain 160–161

screw dislocation 161, 163–164f

yield strength 169, 173

Doubling-time 21

Dry oxidation

metals joining 426–429

stainless alloys, making of 421–422

turbine blades 422–426

Ductile tearing 233–234, 233f

Ductile-to-brittle transition 235–236

Ductility, of aluminum alloys 539

Edge dislocation 159–161, 160f, 162–163f

Elastic bending 96–98, 96–97f

Elastic deflection 95–98, 97f, 535–538

Elastic deformation

bending 96–98, 96–97f

buckling 99–100

elastic limit 95

strain 102–103, 103f

stress 100–102, 101–102f

vibration 98–99

Elastic design, springs

energy density 196

leaf springs See Leaf springs

materials 195–196, 196t

deck hangers, Sydney Harbour Bridge 31, 32f

Young moduli See Young’s modulus

Electrochemical equilibrium diagram. See Pourbaix diagram

Electropolishing 455

Energies of formation, of oxides 412, 413f, 414t

Energy costs 24–25

Engineering materials

for bridges

cast-iron bridges, Magdalene Bridge 8, 10f

Clare Bridge 8, 9f

mild-steel bridge, St George footbridge 10, 11f

reinforced concrete footbridge in Garret Hostel Lane 10, 11f

wooden bridge at Queens’ College 8, 9f

ceramics 1–2

classes of materials 1–2, 3t, 4f

composites 1–2

engineering design considerations 10, 12f

material prices, breakdown of 7–8, 8t

metals and alloys 1–2

natural materials 1–2

precious metals and gemstones 8

properties

classes of property 1, 2t

fatigue strength 1

fracture toughness 1

sailing cruiser 6, 7f

screwdriver

fracture toughness 4

friction coefficient 4

modulus, steel 2–3

PMMA handle 4–5

with steel shaft and polymer (plastic) handle 2–3, 4f

petrol engine spark plug 6, 6f

turbine blades 5–6

turbofan blades 5

Environmental impact 25

Epoxy resin 522–523

Eschede railway disaster

broken tire

circumferential tensile stress 333–335, 334f

fatigue fracture surface 332, 333f

rubber-sprung wheel, circumferential tensile stress 332, 332f

Exponential growth

doubling-time 21

law 20–21, 21f

Face-centered cubic structures 65–67, 67f, 70–71, 72f

Fast fracture

ammonia tank 261–264

brittle alloys 237–238

cleavage (brittle) 234–236, 235f, 238

composites 236–237, 236–237f

condition 217–218

ductile tearing 232–234, 232–233f, 238

energy criterion 211–212

failure criteria 231–232

at fixed displacements 215–216, 215–216f

at fixed loads 216–217, 217f

fracture toughness (K_C) 217–221, 219f, 220t

G_C and K_C data 218–221, 218–219f, 220t

leak before break 213

loading conditions 232

material property 232

stress intensity factor 221

thermal fatigue 213

toughness (G_C) 214–215, 214f, 218–221, 218f, 220t

Fatigue 538

Comet air disasters 325–331

cracked components 288–289

cycles, designing out 307–310

Eschede railway disaster 331–335

high-cycle 286–287, 291f

human tooth 291, 292f

low-cycle 286, 290, 291f

mechanisms 290–292

metals and alloys 302, 302t

precracked components 288, 289f

steel plate 291, 292f

strength improvement techniques 307, 308f

Stretham steam pumping engine 336–339

tests 283–284, 284f

uncracked components 283–288, 302

welded joints 305–307, 305–306f

Fatigue strength 1

Fiber-reinforced composites 88–90, 89–90f

Fick’s law 368–374, 382

Filled polymers 88, 90

Floppy materials 31, 39

Foam jacket cracking, liquid methane tank

polyurethane (PUR) 268

schematic half-section 267, 268f

thermal stresses in foam 269–271, 269f, 271f

foam jacket cracking, liquid methane tank 267–271

perspex pressure window explosion 265–267

Tay Bridge collapse 272–276, 272–276f

Fracture toughness (K_C) 217–221, 219f, 220t

ammonia tank 264

ceramics and rigid polymers 247

PUR foam 271

steel 1

Friction

high-friction rubber 492–493

journal bearings 485–490

skis and sledge runners 491–492

Frictional heat 526–527

Galvanizing 459–460

Glass-fiber reinforced polymers (GFRP) 87, 539–541, 540–541f

Glass–rubber transition 236

Glass temperature 86

Grain-boundary diffusion 376–377, 377f

Gross yield strength 174

Hall–Petch effect 175–176, 176f

Hardness test 145–147, 148f

Heat exchanger

heat distortion 524–525, 524f

thermal fatigue cracking 525, 525f

Heat flow distances 528–529

High-cycle fatigue 286–287, 291f

High-friction rubber 492–493

High-loss/high-hysteresis rubbers 493

Hooke’s law 38

Hydrodynamic lubrication 474

Hydrogen bonds 56, 56f

Hydrostatic pressure 34, 35f

Hydrostatic testing 265–267

Indentation hardness 149

Inorganic glasses, atom packing 74–75, 75f

Interatomic bonds 49, 50f

Interatomic force–distance curve 157–158

Interatomic forces 57–58, 58f, 157–158

Intergranular attack 442f, 443

Interstitial diffusion 376, 376f

Intrinsic lattice resistance 170

Investment casting 398

Ionic bond 50–52, 51–52f

Isotropic composite 90

Journal bearing

adhesive wear 486

boundary lubrication 486

conformability 487, 488f

crankshafts 486

embeddability 487, 488f

hydrodynamic lubrication 485–486, 486f

replaceable bearing shells 486, 487f

seizure prevention 488–490, 489–491f

standard alloys 486, 487t

Jumping jack firework 73–74

Kevlar-fiber reinforced polymers (KFRP) 88

Large reflecting telescope, mirror design

British infrared telescope 118, 119f

candidate materials 121, 121t

distortion of mirror 121–122, 122f

Keck telescopes 122

mass of mirror 120–121

quasi isotropic laminate 121

scaling laws 120

telescope mirror, elastic deflection 120–121, 120f

vapour-deposited aluminum 119

Large-strain plasticity 195, 202–203, 202f

Leaf springs

for centrifugal clutch 198, 198f

elastic energy stored 196–197

under load 196, 197f

mechanics 198–199

metallic materials, clutch springs 199, 200f

nonmetallic materials 199–200

stresses in 197, 197f

Lignin 88

Linear elasticity 38, 138–139

Linear oxidation

breakdown of oxide films 418, 419f

definition 413

Linear-viscous creep. See Diffusion creep

Low-cycle fatigue 286, 290, 291f

Lubrication 474–475

Lüders band 186

Material-efficient design 24

Material prices

copper and rubber, price fluctuations 17, 17f

inflation 17–18

long-term changes 17–18

raw commodity prices 15–17

relative cost per unit weight 15–17, 16–17t

use-pattern 18–19, 18t

Mega-newton per squaremeter 34

Metallic bond 54–55, 54f

Metals

rolling 195, 202–203, 202f

standard electrode potentials 440–441, 441t

Miller indices 68–70, 69f

Modulus-limited design

large reflecting telescope See Large reflecting telescope, mirror design

racing yacht mast, selecting material See Racing yacht mast material selection

space shuttle disaster See Challenger space shuttle disaster

Multi-leaf springs 199, 200f

Necking, tensile loading

aluminum alloy 185, 186f

condition 184–185, 185f

mild steel 185–186, 186–187f

neck formation 183, 183f

nominal stress–strain curve 184

polythene 185–188, 187f

rate of work-hardening 184–185

Negative thermal expansion 507–508, 507f

Noncrystalline polymers 73–74

Nonelastic (plastic) behavior

load-extension curve 139, 139f

necking 139–140

permanent plastic deformation 139, 140f

squashing 140, 140f

Nonlinear elasticity 138–139

Notch sensitivity factor 303–305, 304f

One-dimensional heat flow

nonsteady-state conditions 516–517, 517f

steady-state conditions 516–517

Oxidation

energy 412, 413f, 414t

micromechanisms 416–419

rates 412–415, 414–415f

Parabolic oxidation

definition 413–415

mechanism 416, 417f

Partial lubrication 474

Particulate composites 90

Perspex pressure window explosion

design data 265–266

experimental rig arrangement 265, 265f

failure analysis 266–267, 266f

Phonons 522

Photons 522

Pitting corrosion 441, 442f

Plane indices 68, 69f

Plastic deflection 538

Plastic deformation 139, 140f

Plastic design

materials for pressure vessels 201, 201t

thin-walled spherical pressure vessel 200–201, 201f

Plastic flow 535

hardness test analysis 182–183, 182f

instability See Necking, tensile loading

onset of yielding 180–181

shear yield strength 179–181, 180–181f

tensile yield strength 179

true stress–strain curves 141–143, 141–142f

Plastic instability. See Necking, tensile loading

Plasticity 195

Plastic strain 160–161

Plastic work 143

Plastic yielding 536

Poisson’s ratio effect 36

Polycrystal strengthening and plasticity

ball-bearing model 173, 174f

dislocation yield strength 169, 173

grain-boundary strengthening 175–176, 176f

gross yield strength 174

precipitate and dispersion 170–171, 172f

progressive nature of yielding 173–174, 175f

solid solution hardening 170, 171f

strengthening mechanisms 170

tensile yield strength 174–175

work-hardening 172, 173f

Pourbaix diagrams 452–453f

Power-law creep 382–383, 386

Primary bonds 49

covalent bonding 52–54, 53–54f

ionic bond 50–52, 51–52f

metallic bond 54–55, 54f

Primary creep 355

Principal directions 102

Principal planes 102

Principal stresses 102

Racing yacht mast material selection

aluminum alloys 117–118

bamboo scaffolding 117–118, 118f

bending stiffness 117

candidate materials 117, 117t

cantilever beam, elastic deflection 115–117, 116f

CFRP 115, 116f, 117–118

mass of beam 117

Random substitutional solid solution 170

Recycling 24–26

Reinforced concrete corrosion 456–458, 456–458f

Resource availability 22–23, 22f

Rolling torque 202–203

Rubbers

modulus 86–87, 87f

stress–strain curve 138–139, 138f

Rubber-sprung wheels 332, 332f

Rubber-toughened polymers 237, 237f

Screw dislocation 161, 163–164f

Secondary bonds 49

hydrogen bonds 56, 56f

Van der Waals bonding 55–56, 55f

Secondary creep 355

Second moment of area 96–97, 109–110

bending of beams 97–98

buckling of beams 100

vibration of beams 99

Shear modulus 38

Shear strain 36

Shear stress 34, 35f, 180, 180–181f

Shear yield strength 179–181, 180–181f

Sheet drawing 202

Silica glass 74, 75f

Simple tension 34, 35f

Skis and sledge runners 491–492

Sodium atom 50

Soldering 426–429

Solid solution hardening 170, 171f

Specific heat

data 518, 519–520t

frictional heat 526–527

physical basis 518–522, 521f

Stainless steel water filter corrosion 453–456, 454f

Strain 36–37, 37f, 102–103, 103f

Stress

common states 34–35, 35f

distribution in cargo ship 100–101

inside solid 101, 101f

intensity 33

shear stress 33, 33f, 101–102

SI metric system 34, 43–45

stress tensor 101–102

tensile stress 33, 33f, 101–102

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 442f, 443

Stress intensity factor 221

Stress–strain behavior

linear elastic solid 138, 138f

nonlinear elastic solid 138–139, 138f

Stretham steam pumping engine

crank shaft stress 337

engine part 336f

failure by fast fracture 338

failure by fatigue 338–339, 338f

mechanics 337–338

safety 337

schematic diagram 337f

Substitution 24

Surface treatment 478

Survival probability 250

Taylor factor 174–175

Temperature gradient 515–517

Temperature switches 508–510, 509–510f

Tensile ductility 145, 146–147t, 148f

Tensile strain 36

Tensile strength

data 145, 146–147t, 148f

hardness 149

Tensile stress 180, 180f

polycrystals 174–175

Tensile testing 143–145, 144f

Tensile yield strength 174–175, 179

Thermal conductivity 516

data 518, 519–520t

IACS 523–524

phonon transport 522–523

physical basis 522

warm and cold seats 527–528, 527–528f

Thermal diffusivity 516–518, 519–520t

Thermal expansion

bond stiffness 506

coefficients 503, 504–505t

composites 508, 509f

continuous welded railroad track 510–512, 511f

glass-to-metal seals 512–513

linear coefficient of thermal expansion 501

negative thermal expansion, rubber 507–508, 507f

physical basis 503–506, 505f

temperature switches 508–510, 509–510f

thermal strain 501–502

thermal stress in PUR foam 502

volume strain 501–502

Young’s modulus 506

Thermal fatigue 397

Toughness (G_C) 214–215, 214f, 218–221, 218f, 220t

fiber composites 237

Turbine-blade materials

alloy requirements 396, 397t

blade cooling 402–403, 402f

development costs 405f

dry oxidation 422–426

high-temperature ceramics 403, 404t

investment casting 398, 400f

nickel-based super-alloys 398–401, 399f

turbofan efficiency 396, 396f

Ubiquitous materials 19–20, 20t

U.K.’s infrared telescope (UKIRT) 118, 119f

Unit cell 67–68, 70–71

Vacancy diffusion 376, 376f

Vacuum brazing 428

Van der Waals bonds 55–56, 55f, 86–88

Vibration of beams 98–99, 111–112

Wear

abrasive 476–477

adhesive 475

high-friction rubber 492–493

journal bearings 485–490

skis and sledge runners 491–492

Weibull distribution 250–252, 250f

Weibull modulus 251, 253

Welded joints 305–307, 305–306f

Wet corrosion 432–433, 433f

reinforced concrete 456–458

stainless steel water filter 453–456

voltage differences 433–434

Whirling 130

Wood 4–5

Work-hardening 170, 172, 173f

Yielding, car-body panel 536, 536f

Yield-limited design

materials for pressure vessels See Plastic design

materials for springs See Elastic design, springs

metal rolling See Large-strain plasticity

Yield strength

bar chart 158, 159f

data 145, 146–147t, 148f

hardness test 145–147, 149

Young’s modulus 38, 129

aluminum 83

bar chart 42, 42f

calculation method 84f

cement and concrete 83

ceramics and metals 83

rubbers and glass transition temperature 86–87

steels 83

thermal expansion 506

Zero-stress temperature 512

Tags: Engineering materials an introduction to properties applications and design

Aug 9, 2021 | Posted by admin in General Engineer | Comments Off

Engineer Key

Fastest Engineer Engine

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Engineer Key

Fastest Engineer Engine

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